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Zhou Tong teaching Yue Fei archery Shuo Yue Quanzhuan gives a very detailed fictional account of Yue's early life. The novel states after being swept from to, Yue and his mother are saved by the country squire Wang Ming (王明) and are permitted to stay in Wang's manor as domestic helpers. The young Yue Fei later becomes the adopted son and student of the Wang family's teacher, a famous master of military skills. (Zhou Tong is not to be confused with the similarly named ' in.) Zhou teaches Yue and his three sworn brothers - Wang Gui (王贵), Tang Huai (湯懷) and Zhang Xian (張顯) - literary lessons on odd days and military lessons, involving archery and the, on even days. After years of practice, Zhou Tong enters his students into the military examination, in which Yue Fei wins first place by shooting a succession of nine arrows through the bullseye of a target 240 paces away.
After this display of archery, Yue is asked to marry the daughter of Li Chun (李春), an old friend of Zhou and the county magistrate who presided over the military examination. However, Zhou soon dies of an illness and Yue lives by his grave through the winter until the second month of the new year when his sworn brothers come and tear it down, forcing him to return home and take care of his mother. Yue eventually marries and later participates in the imperial military examination in the Song capital of. There, he defeats all competitors and even turns down an offer from Cai Gui (蔡桂), the Prince of Liang, to be richly rewarded if he forfeits his chance for the military degree. This angers the prince and both agree to fight a private duel in which Yue kills the prince and is forced to flee the city for fear of being executed. Shortly thereafter, he joins the Song army to fight the invading armies of the -ruled. The Yue Fei Biography states, When Yue was born, a flew crowing over the house, so his father named the child Fei (飛 - 'flight').
Before Yue was even a month old, the flooded, so his mother got inside of the center of a clay jar and held on to baby Yue. The violent waves pushed the jar down river, where they landed ashore. Despite his family's poverty, Yue Fei was studious, and particularly favored the edition of the and the strategies of.
(飛生時,有大禽若鵠,飛鳴室上,因以為名。未彌月,河決內黃,水暴至,母姚抱飛坐瓮中,衝濤及岸得免,人異之。- 家貧力學,尤好【左氏春秋】、孫吳兵法。) According to a book by martial arts master Liang Shouyu, 'A is a great bird that lived in ancient China. Legend has it, that Dapeng was the guardian that stayed above the head of. Dapeng could get rid of all evil in any area. Even the was no match for it.
During the Song dynasty the government was corrupt and foreigners were constantly invading China. Sakyamuni sent Dapeng down to earth to protect China. Dapeng descended to Earth and was born as Yue Fei.'
Martial training. Portion of the stele mentioning the tattoo The common legend of Yue receiving the tattoo from his mother first appeared in Shuo Yue Quanzhuan.
In chapter 21 titled 'By a pretext Wang Zuo swore brotherhood, by tattoos Lady Yue instructed her son', Yue denounces the pirate chief Yang Yao (杨幺) and passes on a chance to become a general in his army. Yue Fei's mother then tells her son, 'I, your mother, saw that you did not accept recruitment of the rebellious traitor, and that you willingly endure poverty and are not tempted by wealth and status. But I fear that after my death, there may be some unworthy creature who will entice you. For these reason. I want to tattoo on your back the four characters 'Utmost', 'Loyalty', 'Serve' and 'Nation'. The Lady picked up the brush and wrote out on his spine the four characters for 'serving the nation with the utmost loyalty'.
So she bit her teeth, and started pricking. Having finished, she painted the characters with ink mixed with vinegar so that the colour would never fade.'
The, one of many pockets of Chinese Jews living in ancient China, refer to this tattoo in two of their three monuments created in 1489, 1512, and 1663. The first mention appeared in a section of the 1489 stele referring to the Jews' 'Boundless loyalty to the country and Prince.' The second appeared in a section of the 1512 stele about how Jewish soldiers and officers in the Chinese armies were 'boundlessly loyal to the country.' Adult life Portrait. The 'Four Generals of Zhongxing' painted by Liu Songnian during the. Yue Fei is the second person from the left. Is fifth from the left and is fourth from the left.
Southern Song era artist Liu Songnian (劉松年) (1174–1224), who was best known for his realistic works, painted a picture, 'Four Generals of Zhongxing' (中興四將). The group portrait shows eight people — four generals and four attendants. Starting from the left: attendant, Yue Fei, attendant, Zhang Jun (張浚), (韓世忠), attendant, Liu Guangshi (劉光世), and attendant. According to history professor He Zongli of, the painting shows Yue was more of a scholarly-looking general with a shorter stature and chubbier build than the statue of him currently displayed in his tomb in Hangzhou, which portrays him as being tall and skinny. Shen Lixin, an official with the Yue Fei Temple Administration, holds the portrait of Yue Fei from the 'Four Generals of Zhongxing' to be the most accurate likeness of the general in existence. Character.
Yue Yun (岳雲), Yue Fei's eldest son According to Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, Yue had five sons and one daughter. The History of Song records that Yue Yun (岳雲) (1119–1142) was adopted by Yue Fei at the age of 12 whilst others claim he was his biological son; Yue Lei (岳雷), the second, succeeded to his father's post; Yue Ting (岳霆) was the third; Yue Lin (岳霖) was the fourth; and Yue Zhen (岳震), the fifth, was still young at the time of his father's death. Yue Yinping was Yue Fei's daughter. The novel states she committed suicide after her father's death and became a fairy in heaven. However, history books do not mention her name and therefore she should be considered a fictional character. Yue Fei married the daughter of Magistrate Li when he was 16 years old (1119). However, the account of his marriage is fictional.
The states that Yue left his ailing mother with his first wife while he went to fight the Jin armies. However she 'left him (and his mother) and remarried.'
He later took a second wife and even discussed 'affairs' pertaining to his military career with her. He truly loved her, but his affection for her was second to his desire to rid China of the Jurchen invaders. Her faithfulness to him and his mother was strengthened by the fear that any infidelity or lacking in her care of Lady Yue would result in reprisal. Yue forbade his sons from having concubines, although he almost took one himself. Even though she was presented by a friend, he did not accept her because she laughed when he asked her if she could 'share the hardships of camp life' with him.
He knew she was liberal and would have sex with the other soldiers. Though not mentioned in the memoir written by Yue Fei's grandson, some scholarly sources claim Yue had a younger brother named Yue Fan (岳翻). He later served in the army under his brother and died in battle in 1132.
Military record. Map showing the Song-Jurchen Jin wars with Yue Fei's northern expedition routes The son of an impoverished farmer from northern China, Yue Fei joined the Song military in 1122. Yue briefly left the army when his father died in 1123, but returned in 1126. After reenlisting, he fought to suppress rebellions by local Chinese warlords responsible for looting in northern China. Local uprisings had diverted needed resources away from the Song's war against the Jin.
Yue participated in defending Kaifeng during the second siege of the city by the Jin in 1127. After Kaifeng fell, he joined an army in tasked with defending the Yangtze. This army prevented the Jurchens from advancing to the river in 1129. His rising reputation as a military leader attracted the attention of the Song court.
In 1133, he was made the general of the largest army near the Central Yangtze. Between 1134 and 1135, he led a counteroffensive against Qi, a puppet state supported by the Jin, and secured territories that had been conquered by the Jurchens. He continued to advance in rank, and to increase the size of his army as he repeatedly led successful offensives into northern China. Several other generals were also successful against the Jin dynasty, and their combined efforts secured the survival of the Song dynasty. Yue, like most of them, was committed to recapturing northern China. Stone Lake: The Poetry of Fan Chengda 1126-1193 states, '.Yue Fei (1103-1141).repelled the enemy assaults in 1133 and 1134, until in 1135 the now confident Song army was in a position to recover all of north China from the Jin dynasty.
In 1140, Yue Fei initiated a general counterattack against the Jin armies, defeating one enemy after another until he set up camp within range of the Northern Song dynasty's old capital city, Kaifeng, in preparation for the final assault against the enemy. Yet in the same year Qin Hui ordered Yue Fei to abandon his campaign, and in 1141 Yue Fei was summoned back to the Southern Song capital. It is believed that the emperor then ordered Yue Fei to be hanged.' Yue Fei's statue outside the in Yue Ke (岳珂) states his grandfather had six special methods for deploying an army effectively: Careful selection He relied more on small numbers of well-trained soldiers than he did large masses of the poorly trained variety.
In this way, one superior soldier counted for as much as one hundred inferior soldiers. One example used to illustrate this was when the armies of Han Ching and Wu Xu were transferred into Yue's camp. Most of them had never seen battle and were generally too old or unhealthy for sustaining prolonged troop movement and engagement of the enemy. Once Yue had filtered out the weak soldiers and sent them home, he was only left with a meager thousand able-bodied soldiers. However, after some months of intense training, they were ready to perform almost as well as the soldiers who had served under Yue for years. Careful training When his troops were not on military campaigns to win back lost Chinese territory in the north, Yue put his men through intense training.
Apart from troop movement and weapons drills, this training also involved them leaping over walls and crawling through moats in full battle garb. The intensity of the training was such that the men would not even try to visit their families if they passed by their homes while on movement and even trained on their days off. Justice in rewards and punishments He rewarded his men for their merits and punished them for their boasting or lack of training. Yue once gave a foot soldier his own personal belt, silver dinner ware, and a promotion for his meritorious deeds in battle.
While on the reverse, he once ordered his son Yue Yun to be decapitated for falling off his horse after failing to jump a moat. His son was only saved after Yue's officers begged his mercy.
There were a number of soldiers that were either dismissed or executed because they boasted of their skills or failed to follow orders. Clear orders He always delivered his orders in a simple manner that was easy for all of his soldiers to understand. Whoever failed to follow them were severely punished.
Strict discipline While marching about the countryside, he never let his troops destroy fields or to pillage towns or villages. He made them pay a fair price for goods and made sure crops remained intact. A soldier once stole a hemp rope from a peasant so he could tie a bale of hay with it.
When Yue discovered this, he questioned the soldier and had him executed. Close fellowship with his men He treated all of his men like equals. He ate the same food as they did and slept out in the open as they did. Even when a temporary shelter was erected for him, he made sure several soldiers could find room to sleep inside before he found a spot of his own. When there was not enough wine to go around, he would dilute it with water so every soldier would receive a portion.
Imperial Order to General Yue Fei (《賜岳飛手勅》), Taipei In 1126, several years before Yue became a general, the -ruled invaded northern China, forcing the Song dynasty out of its capital and capturing, who was sent into captivity in. This marked the end of the Northern Song dynasty, and the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty under. Yue fought a long campaign against the invading Jurchens in an effort to retake northern China. Just when he was threatening to attack and retake Kaifeng, corrupt officials advised Emperor Gaozong to recall Yue to the capital and sue for peace with the Jurchens. Fearing that a defeat at Kaifeng might cause the Jurchens to release Emperor Qinzong, threatening his claim to the throne, Emperor Gaozong followed their advice, sending 12 orders in the form of 12 gold plaques to Yue Fei, recalling him back to the capital. Knowing that a success at Kaifeng could lead to internal strife, Yue submitted to the emperor's orders and returned to the capital, where he was imprisoned and where would eventually arrange for him to be executed on false charges. There are conflicting views on how Yue died.
According to The History of China: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) and other sources, Yue. The says he was killed in prison.
Shuo Yue Quanzhuan states he was strangled to death. It reads, '.Yue Fei strode in long steps to the Pavilion of Winds and Waves. The warders on both sides picked up the ropes and strangled the three men Yue Fei, Yue Yun, and Zhang Xian (張憲), Yue's subordinate without further ado. At the time Lord Yue was 39 years of age and the young lord Yue Yun 23. When the three men returned to Heaven, suddenly a fierce wind rose up wildly and all the fires and lights were extinguished. Black mists filled the sky and sand and pebbles were blown about.'
The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai comments, 'Finally, Yue Fei received the 'Twelfth Golden Edict' from the emperor calling him back to the capital, which if ignored meant banishment. Patriotism demanded that he obey. On his way back to the capital he stopped to rest at a pavilion. Qin Hui anticipated Yue Fei's route and sent some men to lie in wait. When Yue Fei arrived, Qin's men ambushed and murdered him.
Just 39 years old, Yue Fei like many good men in history, had a swift, brilliant career, then died brutally while still young.' According to A Chinese Biographical Dictionary, 'Father and son had not been two months in confinement when Qin Hui resolved to rid himself of his enemy. He wrote out with his own hand an order for the execution of Yue Fei, which was forthwith carried into effect; whereupon he immediate reported that Yue Fei had died in prison', which meant that Qin Hui had Yue and his son executed but reported they both died in captivity. Other sources say he was poisoned to death. Still, a great number simply say he was executed, murdered, or 'treacherously assassinated'. After Yue’s execution, a prison officer, Wei Shun (隗順), who admired Yue’s character, stole his body and secretly buried it at the Nine Song Cong Temple (九曲叢祠) located outside the Song capital.
Qin Hui's posthumous punishment. Statues of Moqi Xie (万俟卨) and Zhang Jun (張俊) at the, Shuo Yue Quanzhuan states after having Yue Fei, Yue Yun, Zhang Xian arrested under false charges, Qin Hui and his wife, Lady Wang (王氏), were sitting by the 'eastern window', warming themselves by the fire, when he received a letter from the people calling for the release of Yue Fei.
Qin was worried because after nearly two months of torture, he could not get Yue to admit to treason and would eventually have to let him go. However, after a servant girl brought fresh oranges into the room, Lady Wang devised a plan to execute Yue. She told Qin to slip an execution notice inside the skin of an orange and send it to the judge presiding over Yue's case. This way, Yue and his companions would be put to death before the emperor or Qin himself would have to rescind an open order of execution. This conspiracy became known as the 'East Window Plot'. A novel about this incident, titled Dong Chuang Ji (東窗記; 'Tale of the Eastern Window'), was written during the by an anonymous writer.
See also: The two styles most associated with Yue are. One book states Yue created Eagle Claw for his enlisted soldiers and Xingyi for his officers. Legend has it that Yue studied in the with a monk named and learned the 'elephant' style of boxing, a set of hand techniques with great emphasis on (joint-locking). Other tales say he learned this style elsewhere outside the temple under the same master. Yue eventually expanded elephant style to create the Yibai Lingba Qinna (一百零八擒拿 - '108 Locking Hand Techniques') of the Ying Sao (Eagle Hands) or Ying Kuen (Eagle Fist). After becoming a general in the imperial army, Yue taught this style to his men and they were very successful in battle against the armies of the.
Following his wrongful execution and the disbandment of his armies, Yue's men supposedly traveled all over China spreading the style, which eventually ended right back in Shaolin where it began. Later, a monk named Li Quan (麗泉) combined this style with, another style attributed to Yue, to create the modern day form of boxing. According to legend, Yue combined his knowledge of and spearplay learned from Zhou Tong (in Shaolin) to create the linear fist attacks of. One book claims he studied and synthesized 's systems to create Xingyi. On the contrary, proponents of believe it is possible that Yue learned the style in the that border his home province of.
The reasons they cite for this conclusion are that he supposedly lived around the same time and place as, the founder of; Xingyi's five fist attacks, which are based on the theory, are similar to tai-chi's 'Yin-yang theory'; and both theories are -based and not Buddhist. The book Henan Orthodox Xingyi Quan, written by Pei Xirong (裴锡荣) and Li Ying'ang (李英昂), states Xingyi master Dai Longbang.wrote the 'Preface to Six Harmonies Boxing' in the 15th reign year of the 1750. Inside it says, '.when Yue Fei was a child, he received special instructions from Zhou Tong. He became extremely skilled in the spear method. He used the spear to create methods for the fist. He established a method called Yi Quan 意拳.
Mysterious and unfathomable, followers of old did not have these skills. Throughout the, and dynasties few had his art. Only Ji Gong had it. Inside the grounds of Yue Fei's tomb and shrine in; the inscriptions at the far end read 'Serve the country with the utmost loyalty'. The Ji Gong mentioned above, better known as Ji Jike (姬際可) or Ji Longfeng (姬隆丰), is said to have trained in Shaolin Monastery for ten years as a young man and was matchless with the spear. As the story goes, he later traveled to Xongju Cave on Mount Zhongnan to receive a boxing manual written by Yue Fei, from which he learned Xingyi.
However, some believe Ji actually created the style himself and attributed it to Yue Fei because he was fighting the, descendants of the Jurchens who Yue had struggled against. Ji supposedly created it after watching a battle between an eagle and a bear during the. Other sources say he created it while training in Shaolin. He was reading a book and looked up to see two, which inspired him to imitate the fighting styles of animals.
Both versions of the story (eagle / bear and ) state he continued to study the actions of animals and eventually increased the cadre of animal forms. Several other martial arts have been attributed to Yue Fei, including (Yue Family Boxing), (Tumbling Boxing), and quan (Feet-Poking Boxing), among others. The 'Fanzi Boxing Ballad' says: 'Wumu has passed down the Fanziquan which has mystery in its straightforward movements.' Wumu (武穆) was a given to Yue after his death. One Chuojiao legend states Zhou Tong learned the style from its creator, a wandering Taoist named Deng Liang (鄧良), and later passed it onto Yue Fei, who is considered to be the progenitor of the style. Besides martial arts, Yue is also said to have studied.
He understood the essence of 's Wu Qin Xi (五禽戲 – 'Five Animal Frolics') and created his own form of '’’ known as the Ba Duan Jin (八段錦 – 'Eight Pieces of Brocade'). It is considered a form of (外丹 – 'External Elixir') medical. He taught this qigong to his soldiers to help keep their bodies strong and well-prepared for battle. One legend states that Zhou Tong took young Yue to meet a Buddhist hermit who taught him Qigong (峨嵋大鵬氣功). His training in Dapeng Qigong was the source of his great strength and martial arts abilities. Modern practitioners of this style say it was passed down by Yue. Connection to Praying Mantis boxing According to Shuo Yue Quanzhuan, and of the 108 outlaws in were former students of Yue's teacher.
One legend states Zhou learned boxing from its originator Deng Liang (鄧良) and then passed it onto Yue Fei, who is sometimes considered the progenitor of the style. Chuojiao is also known as the 'Water Margin Outlaw style' and Yuanyang Tui (鴛鴦腿 - 'Mandarin Duck Leg'). In chapter 29 of Water Margin, titled 'Wu Song beats Jiang the Door God in a drunken stupor', it mentions, another of Zhou's fictional students, using the 'Jade Circle-Steps with Duck and Drake feet'. A famous folklore Praying Mantis manuscript, which describes the fictional gathering of eighteen martial arts masters in Shaolin, lists (#13) as a master of 'Mandarin ducks kicking technique'. This creates a folklore connection between Yue and Mantis boxing.
Lineage Mantis master Yuen Man Kai openly claims Zhou Tong taught Lin Chong and Lu Junyi the 'same school' of martial arts that was later combined with the aforementioned seventeen other schools to create Mantis fist. However, he believes Mantis fist was created during the, and was therefore influenced by these eighteen schools from the Song dynasty. He also says Lu Junyi taught the same martial arts as he learned from Zhou Tong. Yuen further comments that Zhou Tong later taught Yue Fei the same martial art and that Yue was the originator of the mantis move 'Black Tiger Stealing Heart'. Poetry At the age of 30, Yue supposedly wrote his most celebrated poem, ' ('Entirely Red River') with a subtitle of 'Xie Huai' ('Writing about What I Thought').
This poem reflects the raw hatred he felt towards the -ruled, as well as the sorrow he felt when his efforts to recoup northern lands lost to Jin were halted by Southern Song officials of the 'Peace Faction'. However, several modern historians, including the late Princeton University Prof.
Liu, believe certain phrasing in the poem dates its creation to the early 16th century, meaning Yue did not write it. Yue Fei is also the author of at least two other poems, 'Xiao Chong Shan' ('Small Hills') and another 'Man Jiang Hong' with a subtitle of 'Deng Huang He Lou You Gan' ('My Feelings When I Was Climbing the ').
Descendants Among Yue Fei's descendants was Yue Shenglong 岳昇龍 and his son the official, who served as and during the reign of the. Yue Zhongqi during the and attacked the Dzungars at in Xinjiang. The Oirats were battled against by Yue Zhongqi. Yue Zhongqi lived at the. Another notable descendant of Yue Fei was, a of the during the. In 2011, two Yue descendants, Yue Jun and Yue Haijun, with six members of their clan, protested Jiangning Imperial Silk Manufacturing Museum's Qin Hui statue.
By 2017, it is reported that Yue Fei’s descendants are 1.81 million people in China, and only Yue Fei’s descendants in Anhui Province have grown to more than 1.003 million. Folk hero Yue Fei's stature in Chinese history rose to that of a national after his execution. Qin Hui, and in some cases Emperor Gaozong, were blamed by later historians for their supposed role in Yue Fei's execution and conciliatory stance with the Jin dynasty.
The allegations that Qin Hui conspired with the Jin to execute Yue Fei are popular in Chinese literature, but have never been proven. The real Yue Fei differed from the later myths that grew from his exploits. The portrayal of Yue as a scholar-general is only partially true. He was a skilled general, and may have been partially literate in, but he was not an erudite Confucian scholar. Contrary to traditional legends, Yue was not the sole Chinese general engaged in the offensive against the Jurchens. He was one of many generals that fought against the Jin in northern China, and unlike Yue Fei, some of his peers were genuine members of the. Many of the exaggerations of Yue Fei's life can be traced to a biography written by his grandson, Yue Ke.
Yue Fei's status as a folk hero strengthened in the and had a large impact on Chinese culture. Temples and shrines devoted to Yue Fei were constructed in the. A Chinese anthem alludes to lyrics said to have been written by Yue Fei. He also sometimes appears as a in partnership with the deity. Yue Fei is no longer a national hero; in 2002 the official guidelines for history teachers said that he should no longer carry the title.
This was because Yue Fei had defended China from the, who are presently considered to be part of the. Therefore, concern for the 'unity of nationalities' in China prevailed, as Yue Fei was seen as representing only one subgroup within China, and not the 'entire Chinese nation as presently defined'. Modern references The, a guided-missile frigate of the, is named after Yue. The author cites Yue Fei as having inspired the character Ren Daiyan in his novel ( ), which is set in a fantasy world based on Song Dynasty China. Yue Fei is one of the 32 historical figures who appear as special characters in the video game. See also.
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